The former president () will take a list of ten heads of state convicted of around the world after being sentenced to trial in the (Supreme Court) for the coup plot.
The survey was made by researchers Luciano da Ros, from UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), and Manoel Gehrke of the University of Pisa, in the study “Convicting Politicians for Corruption: The Politics of Criminal Accountability” (condemning politicians for corruption: Cambridge University’s Cambridge University’s Journal of Criminal Responsibility Policy).
Bolsonaro and seven other defendants were convicted of, involving attempted coup d’état, attempted abolition of the Democratic Rule of Law and armed criminal organization.
The authors created the HGCC database (Heads of Government Advertised of Crimes), or bosses convicted of crimes, which has been fed a few years ago, based on internet research in each country.
The list records all the criminal convictions of former governors from 1946 to January this year, provided they have been tried domestically. In all, there are 69 countries, 128 heads of state already convicted of any crime and 186 convictions.
There are cases of rulers with more than one conviction, including those who reach five different convictions. This excludes, so far, Bolsonaro. Crimes are classified by categories, involving corruption, violence, electoral crimes, sexual crimes, etc.
Da Ros explains that the bank focuses on former chiefs, with denominations as president, first minister, dictator and even military joints.
According to the study, there has been a global increase in corruption convictions since 2000 compared to previous historical records. Until 1970, the convictions were rare, almost scarce. In the early 1940s to 1960, there is no record of domestic convictions.
Then, from 1960 until the 2010 years, this number went 31, with discharge on all continents, especially in the Americas, Asia and Oceania.
The reasons for the conviction were divided into three levels: micro, medium and maximum. For researchers, when there is an independent judiciary, the decision tends to be more effective.
The micro level explains convictions aimed at the individual, when what weigh the most are questions involving partisanship and ideology, identification or not with the figure judged, costs of application of penalties – for example, condemning powerful authorities is riskier than local authorities – and corruption in court.
In condemnations classified by medium level, which studies the action of institutions, the explanation for one country to punish more than the other undergoes questions as independence of the judiciary – as less political control, the greater the performance of justice; Legal capacity – more comprehensive and tools such as award -winning denunciation and less immunities; Capacity to organize – better human recurrences, budget, specialization and technology; and interinstitutional coordination, which involves cooperation between organs.
The macro level shows that the efficiency of condemning has the type of political regime. In democracies, for example, it punishes more-there is also a case of rivals punishments.
Countries in which there are support from civil society, press and acting social movements can push for convictions, and countries that follow international conventions of organs such as UN (United Nations), OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and OAS (Organization of American States), for example, tend to punish more.
When there is very fierce political competition and corruption control, the judiciary tends to be strengthened as an actor in these crime analysis. On the other hand, when there is widespread corruption there is difficulties in reforming and changing the direction that the government accused of crime is giving a country.
The study also highlights the need for further research on the subject, which can collaborate for the maintenance of the Democratic Rule of Law and political stability.
Georgio Papadooulos (Greece)
- Condemned by: High betrayal and insurrection with other conspirators of the Military Junta
- Year of Crime: 1967
- Year of condemnation: 1975
Luiz García Meza Tejada (Bolivia)
- Condemned by: various crimes, including genocide, torture, murder and sedition (public incitement to rebellion)
- Crime Year: 1980
- Year of condemnation: 1993
(2011) found that the symptom was used.
- Convicted of: involvement in the military coup that overturned civil government and corruption
- Crime Year: 1979
- Year of condemnation: 1996
Chun Doo-hwan (Coreia do Sul)
- Convicted of: involvement in the military coup that toppled the civil government and corruption
- Crime Year: 1979
- Year of condemnation: 1996
Surat Huseynov (Azerbaijão)
- Convicted of: high betrayal, attempted coup and display of illegal military force
- Years of crime: 1993 and 1994
- Year of condemnation: 1999
Juan María Bordaberry (Uruguai)
- Condemned by: Non -coup paper from 1973
- Crime Year: 1973
- Year of condemnation: 2010
Kenan Evren (Turquia)
- Condemned by: Crimes against the State; leading coup that overthrew the government, suspend the constitution and repress political activity
- Crime Year: 1980
- CONDEMNATION YEAR: 2014
Pervez Musharraf (Pakistan)
- Convicted of: High betrayal for suspending the Constitution by declaring a state of emergency and dismissing Supreme Court judges
- Crime Year: 2007
- Year of condemnation: 2019
Jeanine Añez (Bolivia)
- Condemned by: diversion of function and resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws for assuming the presidency unconstitutionally
- Year of Crime: 2019
- Year of condemnation: 2022
Jair Bolsonaro (Brazil)
- Condemned by: attempted coup d’état, attempted violent abolition of the Democratic Rule of Law, participation in armed criminal organization, damage qualified by violence and serious threat and deterioration of listed heritage.
- Crime Years: 2022 and 2023
- Year of condemnation: 2025
